目 录
1、国网一次开工5个抽水蓄能电站
2、无人区河流有人管 西藏设立各级河湖长超万名
3、湄公河六国安全运行项目延长至2022年
4、尼泊尔水电开发的前进之路
5、中国地区禁止在水源地放生外来鱼类
北极星水力发电网1月8日：1月8日上午，随着国家电网有限公司董事长、党组书记寇伟宣布河北抚宁、吉林蛟河、浙江衢江、山东潍坊、新疆哈密抽水蓄能电站工程开工，这5座总装机600万千瓦、总投资达386.87亿元的抽水蓄能电站将有力支撑国家稳增长、调结构、惠民生战略部署，并在7年后为清洁能源消纳、保障系统安全稳定运行发挥极大的促进作用。国家能源局党组成员、副局长林山青，国家电网有限公司总经理、党组副书记辛保安出席工程开工动员大会并讲话。国家电网有限公司副总经理刘泽洪主持会议。
河北抚宁等5座抽水蓄能电站是国家电网深入学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想、推进能源生产和消费革命的重要举措，也是落实绿色发展理念，构建清洁低碳、安全高效能源体系的重大工程。抽水蓄能电站是重大基础设施、调节电源和生态环保工程。国家电网高度重视并加快发展抽水蓄能电站。党的十八大以来，包括本次开工建设的5项抽水蓄能电站工程，国家电网已累计开工建设26项抽水蓄能电站工程，装机容量达3615万千瓦;累计投产5座抽水蓄能电站，装机容量610万千瓦。
河北抚宁等5座抽水蓄能电站总投资386.87亿元，总装机容量600万千瓦，5座电站计划全部于2026年竣工投产。其中，河北抚宁抽水蓄能电站，位于河北省秦皇岛市抚宁区，装机容量120万千瓦，安装4台30万千瓦可逆式水泵水轮发电机组，以500千伏电压接入冀北电网，工程投资80.59亿元;吉林蛟河抽水蓄能电站，位于吉林省吉林市蛟河市，装机容量120万千瓦，安装4台30万千瓦可逆式水泵水轮发电机组，以500千伏电压接入吉林电网，工程投资69.72亿元;浙江衢江抽水蓄能电站，位于浙江省衢州市衢江区，装机容量120万千瓦，安装4台30万千瓦可逆式水泵水轮发电机组，以500千伏电压接入浙江电网，工程投资73.08亿元，该电站是国家电网积极推进混合所有制改革，在抽水蓄能领域引进社会资本的重点项目;山东潍坊抽水蓄能电站，位于山东省潍坊市临朐县，装机容量120万千瓦，安装4台30万千瓦可逆式水泵水轮发电机组，以500千伏电压接入山东电网，工程投资81.18亿元;新疆哈密抽水蓄能电站，位于新疆维吾尔自治区哈密市天山乡，装机容量120万千瓦，安装4台30万千瓦可逆式水泵水轮发电机组，以220千伏电压接入新疆电网，工程投资82.3亿元。
抽水蓄能电站具有启动灵活、调节速度快的优势，运行可靠且较为经济的调峰电源与储能装置，是构建清洁低碳、安全稳定、经济高效的现代电力系统的重要组成部分。抽水蓄能电站在系统中主要承担调峰、填谷、调频、调相和紧急事故备用任务。抽水蓄能电站可在负荷低谷时，通过抽水将系统难以消耗的电能转换为势能;在负荷高峰或系统需要时，通过发电将势能转换为系统需要的电能。抽水蓄能电站可以利用其储能作用，实现削峰填谷，有效平抑区外来电与新能源出力的波动，提高系统运行的平稳性，提高大电网安全稳定运行能力，提高电力系统经济运行水平，实现社会整体资源配置最优。
综合来看，河北抚宁等5座抽水蓄能电站经济、社会、环境效益显著。
一是有力深化供给侧结构性改革，拉动经济增长，推动装备制造业转型升级，带动旅游业综合发展，扩大就业。
抽水蓄能电站等电网基础设施投资大、建设周期长，具有带动力强、中长期经济效益显著等优势，对提升经济发展质量、效益、效率将发挥十分重要的作用。根据投资估算，建设河北抚宁等5座抽水蓄能电站，可拉动GDP增长超过572.64亿元，增加电工装备制造业产值78.52亿元，提供就业岗位约14.64万个，将有力拉动经济增长，并将推进抽水蓄能设备国产化与装备制造业转型升级。工程投运后，每年创造利税约6.16亿元，带动旅游业综合发展，在服务当地经济社会发展中发挥重要作用。
二是提高系统整体经济性，促进节能减排和大气污染防治，实现社会整体资源配置最优。
河北、吉林、新疆是我国的新能源大省，2018年新能源发电装机占比分别达到37.1%、25.8%和32%，成为仅次于火电的第二大电源。工程投运后，可实现与西部、北部地区新能源发电的联合协调运行，每年促进消纳富余风电、太阳能发电量150亿千瓦时，有效缓解弃风、弃光问题。同时，抽水蓄能电站能够替代一定容量的煤电机组，提高网内运行机组的整体经济性，明显降低电力系统单位能耗水平，每年可节约原煤消耗107.56万吨，减排二氧化碳209.49万吨、二氧化硫2.04万吨、氮氧化物0.84万吨，具有显著的经济效益和环保效益。
三是优化当地电源结构，缓解系统调峰调频压力，提高系统运行灵活性。
目前，河北、山东电源结构以火电机组为主，系统调峰手段主要依靠燃煤火电，灵活电源比例偏低。吉林、浙江水电丰枯出力悬殊，在枯水期系统调节能力较为紧张。建设河北抚宁抽蓄等一批具有良好调节性能、经济高效的抽水蓄能电站，可以显著提高系统调节能力，同时，可以满足风电、太阳能发电快速增长所增加的部分调峰需求，为当地大规模发展清洁能源提供有利条件，保障跨区跨省输电通道安全运行。此外，抽水蓄能电站还可以配合浙江、山东核电发展，保障核电稳定运行，提高核电站的运行效益和安全性。
四是提高电力系统安全可靠性，在电力系统中充分发挥“稳定器”“调节器”“平衡器”的作用，改善电力系统运行特性。
抽水蓄能机组启停便捷、反应迅速，是技术成熟、经济合理的系统备用电源，对稳定系统频率、提供事故支援、提高电力系统稳定性具有重要作用。以120万千瓦规模的抽水蓄能为例，可以在5分钟内由满负荷抽水转变为满负荷发电，提供240万千瓦的电力支援能力。根据我国能源资源禀赋和“西电东送、北电南供”的电力流向和规模，国家电网将加快特高压骨干网架建设，高质量推进电网发展。在电力系统中配备足够容量的抽水蓄能电站启停灵活、反应快速，可以有效提升大电网综合防御能力，保障电网安全稳定运行。
我国抽水蓄能电站装机容量已跃居世界第一，未来抽水蓄能将继续加快发展。目前，我国已经建成潘家口、十三陵、天荒坪、泰山、宜兴等一批大型抽水蓄能电站。截至2018年底，国家电网抽水蓄能电站在运、在建规模分别达到1923万千瓦、3015万千瓦;国家电网并网风电、太阳能发电装机分别达到1.46亿和1.53亿千瓦，成为全球新能源装机规模最大、发展最快的电网。随着风电、太阳能发电等新能源快速发展，这必然要求系统调节能力和保障手段的同步增强。国家“十三五”能源和电力规划都要求加快抽水蓄能电站建设，并明确“十三五”期间新开工抽水蓄能容量6000万千瓦左右，到2020年我国抽水蓄能运行容量将达到4000万千瓦。加快建设抽水蓄能电站在服务美丽中国建设、保障能源电力安全、促进清洁能源消纳、促进大气污染防治、拉动经济增长中的战略意义和全局影响将更加凸显。
新华网1月10日电：记者从10日召开的西藏自治区第十一届人民代表大会第二次会议上获悉，西藏已建立五级河湖长体系，设立河湖长13000多名，实现对包括无人区范围在内的河流湖泊全覆盖。
西藏被称为“亚洲水塔”，是我国最为重要的战略水资源储备库与河湖源区。境内流域面积50平方公里以上的河流有6418条，总长度超17万公里；湖泊总面积达2.89万平方公里，约占全国湖泊面积的三成；全区地表水资源量4394亿立方米，占全国河川径流量的16.5%；水资源总量、人均拥有量均居全国之首。
为守护雪域高原的河湖资源，2018年，西藏河湖长体系全面建立，共设立自治区、地（市）、县（区）、乡（镇）以及村（社区）共五级河湖长13000多名；针对分布在无人区的河流则采用片区河湖长制。阿里地区还将河湖长制度延伸到村民小组、自然村和边境定居点，确保每条河流、每片湖泊都有人负责。
去年，西藏河湖治理初见成效。按照水利部的统一部署，西藏依托河湖长体系组织开展入河排污口调查摸底和规范整治专项行动，关停非法采砂场500多家；组织开展河湖沿线垃圾、水库垃圾围坝专项整治行动，全年共清理垃圾超6000吨。
同时，河湖长还承担起宣传教育的职能，进村入校发放藏汉双语宣传手册。区内河湖岸边显著位置均树立了双语河湖长公示牌，接受社会监督。
据了解，西藏2019年将继续开展水源地环境问题整治，持续打好碧水保卫战。
Chiangraitimes 1月12日报道：Thailand’s Deputy Prime Minister and Justice Minister Prajin Juntong has told a press briefing the six-nation Safe Mekong Operation Project will continue anti-drug operations for at least the next four years.
The campaign, which began in 2012, has pulled Thailand, Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam together to tackle drug trafficking in the sub-region.
The project will continue until 2022, ACM Prajin told the Bangkok Post after he held talks with Lao Deputy Minister of Public Security, Somvang Thammasith, on anti-drug cooperation in Bangkok on Friday.
According to ACM Prajin, Thai and Lao authorities are committed to patrolling the Mekong River in Chiang Rai, opposite Laos’ Bo Kaeo province; Nong Khai, opposite Vientiane province; as well as Nakhon Phanom, opposite Khammouane province.
Thai authorities will supply a patrol boat to their Lao counterparts with control and maintenance training provided for Lao officials, he said.
“There are still various types of narcotics coming out of the Golden Triangle,” ACM Prajin said, referring to the area where the borders of Thailand, Laos and Myanmar meet. “Accordingly, there is a need to seek ways to reduce supply and demand for drugs.”
According to the deputy premier, Thailand and Laos will work together to tackle drug problems with emphasis on exchanging information.
Lao officials, he said, had pledged to send drug samples found and seized in their country to Thailand, which would allow both countries to jointly study them.
Meanwhile, Oudomxay village in Vieng Thong city of Laos’ Bolikhamsai Province would also come under a joint development project meant to encourage locals to back away from drug trafficking, ACM Prajin said.
Hydroworld 1月11日报道:Nepal has huge potential for hydropower development. The rough estimate of the potential is more than 80,000 MW. However, the installed hydro capacity as of 2018 is less than 1,000 MW.
Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), a government entity, owns and operates the national grid. About 60% of the 30 million people living in the country have access to electricity. The rest of the population still relies on primitive methods of lighting, such as kerosene lamps. The supply of electricity, however, relies heavily on imports from India, mainly during the winter when the river flows become very low.
The expectation has always been that energy security and the economic prosperity of the country will depend highly on hydropower development. In part, the reason for this expectation is the lack of other conventional energy resources in Nepal. Recently, Nepal signed a power trade agreement (PTA) with India that has enabled the exchange of power across the border. In addition, Nepal signed a power development agreement (PDA) for the 900-MW Arun III and 900-MW Upper Karnali hydro projects with the developers from India. These projects will export power to India, with Nepal benefitting from the royalties and taking possession of the projects in about 25 to 30 years. The direct benefit of these two big projects to the current power shortage in Nepal is minimal, but the hope is that this type of development will attract more foreign investment to the country.
Hydro potential
Nepal’s huge hydropower potential is due to many perennial rivers, which start from the high Himalayan Mountains rising above 8,000 m in the north, flowing through the mountains toward low-lying plains in the south, and continuing on to India. The sources of water for these rivers are snow melt, glaciers and rainfall. On average, Nepal receives 1,500 mm of annual rainfall. The topography, with its high relief and high river flow, provides potential for abundant hydropower development.
Figure 1 shows the major river systems with the topographic variation within Nepal. The watershed boundary of most of these Rivers is the Himalayan border between Nepal and China, except for the Arun River, which extends into Tibet.
Figure 1: Topography and Four Major Rivers of Nepal
The four major river systems, from east to west respectively, are Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali and Mahakali. In addition, there are several smaller rivers, which originate from the mid-hills. The basin-wide hydropower potential of the country is as follows:
Karnali and Mahakali river basins have a catchment area of 48,811 km2 and 16,097 km2, with approximate hydropower potential of 36,180 MW (the watershed area of the Mahakali River lies in India and Nepal)
Gandaki river basin has a catchment area of 36,607 km2 and approximate hydro potential of 20,650 MW
Koshi river basin has a catchment area of 57,700 km2 and hydro potential of 22,350 MW (the watershed area lies in Tibet/China and Nepal)
Other river basins (i.e., southern rivers) have a catchment area of 3,070 km2 and hydro potential of 4,110 MW
Of the rough estimate of Nepal’s hydropower potential of more than 80, 000 MW, half is considered economically feasible. However, recent updates of the overall potential are lacking.
Figure 2 shows the major hydropower projects in different stages of development.
Figure 2: Major Hydropower Projects in Nepal
Present context
The annual consumption of electricity in Nepal is about 100 kWh per person, which is very low compared to the electricity use in other countries, such as more than 12,000 kWh per person in the U.S. and 500 kWh and 3,900 kWh per person in India and China, respectively. The energy use indirectly indicates the country’s level of development. Nepal imports 700 MW firm power to balance the shortage of power, especially in the winter.
To reach the level of electricity use in different countries, Nepal would need installed capacity of 4,000 MW to equal India, 31,000 MW to equal China and 96,000 MW to equal the U.S.
The way forward
Nepal needs rapid hydropower development to meet its power demand, which is growing 10% every year. However, this growth can be higher once the power is readily available at an affordable price. The bulk of the demand at present is for lighting. In the future, the industrial and domestic electricity demand will grow.
Some of the major issues of hydropower development are itemized below:
1.There is a lack of proper planning for hydropower development. It is highly recommended to make a hydropower master plan covering all four major river basins and to prioritize projects based on different factors, including technical, economic, proximity to the load center, etc. Projects need to be planned based on the rational demand forecast inside the country. By constructing cascade projects, there can be a huge saving in the headworks and in access roads and power evacuation.
2.Hydropower sites are not unlimited and, even more important, good sites are very limited. For example, Upper Tamakoshi is an ideal hydropower site due to the 300 m of head available just at one spot due to a massive landslide and deposition, which occurred a few thousand years ago. Upper Karnali is another ideal site because of the river bend, which provides 150 m of head without a dam in a stretch of 2 km. The Arun River is such a good river for hydropower because the base flow of the river is very high as most of the watershed lies in Tibet. The average rainfall in the watershed is low but the large catchment area and high altitude makes up for it, resulting in high base flow and low seasonal flow variation compared to all other rivers in Nepal. Therefore, the country should not only identify potential projects but select the best projects to meet its immediate and medium-term needs. Only when this has been accomplished should the country lease projects for export that are deemed necessary in the system in 25 to 30 years’ time horizon. Nepal needs more reservoir projects for reliable power supply throughout the year. Reservoirs store water when there are high flows during the monsoon season, which will be used to generate power when the river flow is low in the winter.
3. The government should create a favorable environment by investing in such infrastructure as roads and transmission lines. Roads are not only for hydropower. This will make the hydro projects, including reservoir projects, more attractive to develop.
4. Upper Tamakoshi can be a model project. It is a large daily peaking project (456 MW) that is financed internally, and it generates relatively cheaper energy to the consumers as well. This is proof that such an investment can be accomplished internally. If the government invests in infrastructure, many hydropower sites can be very attractive.
5.The country should invest in data collection and quality control. The large investment depends on the hydrologic data, which is not adequate.
6.The system has over 30% loss in the transmission and distribution system. This should be reduced to at least 15%. Improvement in substations and the transmission and distribution lines, as well as controlling theft of power needs to be in effect.
7.Sediment study is usually overlooked. It needs to be properly addressed in any hydropower project to keep the reservoir capacity maintained for the long run and to keep the wear and tear low on the turbine and other hydraulic machinery. Sediment management is a challenge where the rivers carry a huge amount of sediment during the monsoon season, which needs to be considered seriously.
Chinadaily 1月7日报道:Chinese authorities have permanently banned the releasing of exotic fish species at a major river source area in the northwestern Qinghai province.
The government of Yushu Tibetan autonomous prefecture has issued a notice that bans individuals or groups from releasing fish foreign to public water sources, such as major rivers and their tributaries, lakes, and reservoirs. The ban became effective on Jan 1.
Yushu is located in the southern part of Qinghai, where the Sanjiangyuan (Three-River-Source) lies. The area is home to the headwaters of three major rivers: the Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang (Mekong).
In recent years, there were several cases of local herdsmen and visitors to the area releasing carps and crucians into the water, threatening the water quality and the local eco-system.
Local authorities will enhance supervision over aquaculture activities.
Anyone that violates the law will be punished accordingly.
